Mini Saga

Death on the Promenade

Splat.

The noise resonated across the promenade.

Everyone turned and stared.

Shock. Horror. Sympathy?

The crowd came to a stop.

Everything was still, for a few seconds.

Then they moved on, turning away.

“don’t worry” says mother

“we’ll go and get another one”

They head to the ice cream van.

Class Work for 14/06/2016

Title: The Dialects of England
Author: Peter Trudgill
Year First Published: 1990
Place Published: -
Publisher: Blackwell Oxford + Cabridge

The use of non-standard English;
Differences such as 
I did it / I done it
A man that I know / A man what I know
He doesn't want any / He don't want any
She isn't coming / She ain't coming
We saw him / We seen him

Proposed Test:
Survey or conversation observation

Trudgill, Peter. The Dialects Of England. Print.

Class Work for 26/04/2016

Task: Write an opinion article about the use of work language in other contexts
Intended Audience: Readers of The Guardian 'Comment is Free' section

How Using Work Language At Home Can Help You Get Ahead

Think bringing work-speak home will hold you back? In fact, it's quite the opposite, and here's why:

It is often said that work language should stay in the workplace, and that it has negative influence on those it is used frequently around at home, particularly children.
In a recent Guardian article, I must admit, a very good point for this case was made. The article focused on the use of working language in a children's care home. The article included a poignant interview with a young girl in care. This girl said that, in her care home environment, the use of professional terms such as; 'On shift', 'Risk Assessment' and 'LAC Review' were commonplace, and that this made it difficult for her to consider the environment a 'home'. In the face of this, I must concede, it is impossible to deny the negative effects that being surrounded by such language would have on a child in the care system, or any child for that matter. However, it is important that, as with all language, we take work-place language into context.
In the case presented in the article, it is clear that the use of workplace language was severely detrimental to the happiness and well-being of the child, and especially around people as vulnerable as those in care. In situations like this, people should look at the context and potential consequences of using language like this, and decide against it. However, just because it is not appropriate in one particular context doesn't mean that it's wrong in all situations!



The reason i'm arguing for the use of work language at home is due to personal experience. For me, the pursuit of knowledge is something that has played a key role in almost all aspects of my life. As pretentious as that may sound, I don't mean my goal is to become an academic genius or anything like that, but as they say: 'knowing is half the battle' and knowing as much as possible, no matter how trivial is something I take great joy in. It is probably because of this that I have always taken great interest in the details of my parents work (they are a nurse and a substance misuse counselor, respectively) and have learned a lot of, technically useless, but fascinating language and other information.
To me, this can only be a good thing. Why would you not want to broaden your range of vocabulary and knowledge? For this purpose, I support the use of work language in the home. However, I acknowledge that the use of said language should be considered based on situational context because, as stated in the referenced article, using cold, detached and impersonal care system language in an environment with such vulnerable individuals present is invariably a bad thing.
To conclude, I do not think this wonderful and varied language should be kept strictly within the discourse communities from whence it came, and that it should be shared with anyone with an interest!

Gender Speech

Audience: centre-left politically aligned



Topic: Undervaluation/mistreatment of women in the workplace/professional environments

Points to make:
'Mansplaining', Harassment, employment prospects, pay(?), undervaluation of knowledge/experience


---




When you think of a large company or corporation, what comes to mind? Most people would think of a high-rise building, office cubicles and an army of suit-clad staff. However, a lot of people would envisage the majority of these staff to be men. Why is it that whenever we think of a white-collar worker we see this popular image of a clean, well-presented man in a suit, when in actual fact many women work in such environments?




There are several reason such an image is so widely believed. One such reason is that up until a few generations ago, the workforce really was made up almost entirely of men. After the world wars, when the value of a female-inclusive workforce was realised, this became an archaic, outdated idea.
Another reason that this image persists is due to media portrayal. We see it everywhere. On television shows and in films, on adverts everywhere and elsewhere besides. It is not surprising that so many people have this image ingrained in their minds after being bombarded with it for so long.






Despite the relative equality on the office floor that we see nowadays, something that still causes much controversy is the inequality in the management and upper ranks of these kinds of jobs.
On executive boards worldwide, women hold only 12% of seats. With such an underrepresentation of women in these powerful position it can be difficult to see how their best interests will be represented fairly and effectively.




Another issue faced daily by women in the workplace is known as 'mansplaining', the act whereupon a man presumes that a woman has little or no knowledge on a certain subject or topic and goes on to explain it the woman, often leaving the recipient feeling patronised. Examples of this include: females who happen to be IT technicians being told how to do their jobs by unaware male workers with far less expertise in the field, and a male worker explaining, in great detail, the intricacies of the structure of the United Nations, while unaware that the woman has just as much  knowledge on the subject as him. This stems from ideas proposed by language theorists such as Lakoff, who believe that women's language was 'deficient'.
As an extension of this concept, for example, if a senior member of management was asking for a member of staff with an advanced knowledge of how a particular administrative system works. Say there were two prime candidates for this task, one male and one female. The female however, is more experienced with the system than the male. Historically, despite this, the man would've been picked, unless the woman had made it very clear that she was the true expert in the situation. This happens in many fields and occupations, especially those considered 'male' jobs or tasks, when in fact, it is just as viable to consider that a female is more than suitable for the task.




In spite of all this, things are improving. With more women CEO's than ever before, and the skills and abilities of women being more and more recognised things are looking bright for the future of gender equality in the workplace.

AS Lang Holiday Homework

Audience: Centre-Left Politically inclined individuals (Readers of blogs such as: Crooked Timbers and The Daily Howler and perhaps The Guardian)

Gender Neutral Pronouns - Are 'They' the Future?

In today's society, gender politics are as prominent an issue as they have been at any other time in history, if not more so than in the past. If you spend any amount of time, particularly on the internet, and have come across any gender-related circles or sites, you'll more than likely be familiar with the large amount of people that are campaigning for gender-specific, and gender-neutral pronouns. While there have been people campaigning for the recognition various alternative attitudes to gender for a very long time, these points of view are becoming more and more prominent in recent years, with the rise of the internet offering a platform for many people to express their views on the matter and interact with like-minded people. One of the issues at the forefront of this movement is to do with the acknowledgement of various pronouns that could be used to refer to people of 'alternative' genders.

Now, in terms of coming up with a pronoun for use by gender-neutral individuals, there are several ways in which you could view this issue.
On one hand, from a socially progressive viewpoint, it is easy to see where the supporters of this movement are coming from. You could say that it is hard for people like you or me, who have always applied to the standard gender binary, to understand what it might be like to not have an applicable pronoun which could be used to describe you. Most of us have more than likely never even considered anything other than he or she as something needed in everyday language. I'm sure it isn't a particularly pleasant feeling to be an individual uncomfortable with how they are being referred to in every day life, but having never experienced such a thing, I can only imagine.
Another viewpoint from which you could support the creation of a gender-neutral pronoun is from a linguistic perspective, for those who wish to add a new dimension of accuracy to their writing, and to simultaneously include gender-neutral concepts and people. From this angle, many people would be content to use 'them/they' to refer to a gender neutral individual, however this, from a language perspective, feels grammatically odd when saying something such as 'Riley thought they would be late'.

Because of these two stances, and various others besides, people have taken it upon themselves to campaign for recognition of various gender-neutral alternatives.
Some examples of these proposed alternatives include:

• 'Ze' (e.g. 'Ze is over there', 'I called zir/zem')
• 'Xe' (e.g. 'Xe is over there', 'I called xem')
• 'Ve' (e.g. 'Ve is over there', 'I called vem')

These alternative pronouns are just some that have been proposed for many, many years now. With the internet helping them become more popular in the modern age than ever before, these words are certainly picking up in terms of use in wider society. However, despite the blatant demand for a pronoun to be officially recognized, the Oxford Dictionary (as of April 2016) has yet to add such an alternative to its dictionary. This seems interesting to me. The Oxford Dictionary adds new words and such to its ranks four times a year. In the most recent addition, March 2016, words such as 'antrin' (an adjective of Scottish origin meaning 'strange' or 'rare') and kilig (a Tagalog verb meaning to 'experience shivers and pangs from strong emotions, such as fear or desire') were added. While I have no doubt that someone will find use for these words, surely there is a much clearer demand for gender-neutral pronouns to be officially recognized.

Now, from where I stand, I can certainly see the need for words such as these to be recognized for these groups of people, and grammatical accuracy. However, most words introduced are small, niche terms that the majority of us wouldn't ever come across in our everyday lives and use of language. The same cannot really be said for adding a new set of pronouns altogether. Younger generations are certainly better at adapting to rapid changes in the world around them, with language being no exception, despite this, I do question the viability of immediately phasing in such a large term into everyday use. This would be harder, i'm sure, for the older generations to incorporate, having been set in their ways for so long in terms of language. The fact that most people would be content to use 'they', myself included, is due to the fact that alternative pronouns are not something that many people would need to use on a regular basis. This would make it hard, no matter how many times people are told, to incorporate them regularly and consistently. It is well known that Transgender individuals often feel very uncomfortable when being referred to as the wrong pronoun, and i'm sure that gender-neutral individuals feel much the same. After all, the reason we have gone so long without a gender-neutral pronoun is due to the fact that the English language in particular is very binary, and things 'in the middle' are often uncertainly or broadly defined, gender being no different. It is for this reason that, with both wider societal reception of change, and the thoughts and feeling of individuals affected that I will, and would personally encourage, the use of the 'they/them' set of pronouns. This eliminates the requirement to educate society, and every non-native speaker a whole new set of pronouns and while grammatical issues will no doubt occur, it is a mere matter of subtly skirting around them to adapt. Some would argue that I have no right to tell people this, to represent gender-neutral individuals in such a way, and perhaps they may be right. That said, this is opinion is mine, and very well may be mine alone, if that is the case, then so be it. 

Online Textbook Work Notes - For 8/3/16

Textbook Notes

13.5.1 - Symbolic Representations

Symbols are commonly used to simplify and represent various things in real life.

Example given: Olympic Logo
The five different coloured rings of the logo represent the five main inhabited regions of the world. The interlinked rings stand for the unity and friendship associated with the Olympics.

It could be said that words and phrases are symbols in the same way as the Olympic logo. Words & phrases can be used to represent or stand for anything we can experience or imagine.

Activity 11
Discussing how logos represent their organisations

FedEx Logo:
FedEx is a delivery/courier service that operates internationally on a large scale.
Their logo is particularly famous because it contains a notoriously hidden arrow in between the E and the X, this use of negative space to create a hidden image has made it one of the most acclaimed logos in recent history.
The arrow represents the delivery service that they provide.
The vibrant colours of the logo are certainly eyecatching.

Evian Logo:
Evian is a brand of mineral water.
The name itself is a reference to the source of the water; Évian-les-Bains, on the south shore of Lake Geneva.
The source of the water is also referenced in the white background and blue mountains, which are clearly meant to represent the Swiss alps, from which the water Evian uses flows.

13.5.2 - Representations 

Representation can just be name-calling, which can be displayed anywhere, from children's playgrounds to politicians in debate.
In a Mail on Sunday article in 2014, David Rose displayed his skepticism towards claims in reference to climate change. He did so by representing issues and people in a pejorative manner.
Using phrases such as: 'The great green con', 'green zealots', 'climate enforcers', 'alarmist climate science', 'climate McCarthyism'.
The strongest, and most interesting accusation comes from the word 'McCarthyism' This term is in reference to the period of time in American History when the concept of Witch-Hunting Communists was  a popular one, where thousands of people were punished for holding certain views. This claim suggests that the climate change researchers are doing the same towards those who oppose them.
Put simply, representation is all to do with how things are described. This can apply to a wide spectrum of things, but different things come from different ways of thinking about and interpreting them.

13.5.3 - Representation of Concepts

Class Work for 01/03/2016 - Fairtrade Fortnight Text Analysis

a) ActionAid Teaching Resource

• Identify the GRAPE and select some key conventions/techniques that relate to the GRAPE

G - The genre of this text is webpage. It is for a charity, and has downloadable educational resources for use by teachers.

R - This text would be received through use of the ActionAid website.

A - The audience of this text would be teachers or other people who would wish to educate others about fairtrade.

P - The purpose of this webpage is to advertise the educational resources available, as well as to inform, in a way, any visitor to the website about the work that they do for Fairtrade and other charitable causes

E - The expectations of this text would be to be professional, easy to navigate, yet informative.

b) Daily Mail Article

G - The genre of this text is an online article

R - This article would be received through the Daily Mail website

A - The main audience for this text would be Daily Mail readers, but it could also attract attention from any people who are interested in the effectiveness of the Fairtrade scheme.

P - The purpose of the article is to inform people, particularly of the alleged ineffectiveness of the Fairtrade scheme

E - As a Daily Mail article, there is a certain expectation that people have as to the content of the article. Qualities often attributed to Daily Mail articles include: Controversial, Inflammatory, Polarising and Sensational.

Analysis of a)

This text, an ActionAid webpage, showcases various educational resources available for download to be used as a learning tool. This text would be received by any reader through the ActionAid website. The intended audience for this text would likely be teachers or other educational professional, who would wish to educate their students about the work that this charity does. The purpose of this text is to allow any interested party to download the educational resources displayed on the site.
Most people who encounter this text would expect it to be in a very formal address, and to impart all the necessary information about the cause being advertised.


Analysis of b)


The second text is an online article from the Daily Mail, covering an investigation that claims to show how Fairtrade farms are perhaps not as ethical as you might think. This would be received through the Daily Mail website, and the main audience to which it would be targeted is Daily Mail readers. However, it definitely has a secondary audience of people who are interested in the Fairtrade movement and the ethics behind it. This article serves to inform people of the alleged ineffectiveness of the Fairtrade movement, and as it comes from the Daily Mail, there is a certain expectation held by anyone who reads it, as there are certain qualities that are often attributed to content produced by the Daily Mail.


Comparison of the Two Texts


The two texts are different from the outset, while both of them are online texts, the ActionAid text is a webpage, with downloadable content, whereas the Daily Mail text is an online article. The fact that they are both online does offer them some sense of similarity, but the genres of the texts themselves are too different to be likened in most ways. That said, due to that fact, the way that they could be received is almost identical, as you'd either have to receive a link to the page/article, or go through the respective website yourself to encounter either text. There are similarities too, in the potential audiences for these texts: the ActionAid page is geared towards people who wish to educate others on the cause supported by the charity, and the Daily Mail article is explicitly intended for Daily Mail readers. Despite these two very different main audiences, they both share a minor audience; those interested in the Fairtrade scheme. Both texts could be encountered by someone interested in the workings of the scheme, as they are both covering the topic. The purposes do not share much similarity on the surface; with the ActionAid page serving as more of a portal to obtaining other downloadable resources, and the Daily Mail article being used to inform the reader as to the alleged unethical nature of the Fairtrade scheme. However, as with their audiences, they share a sub-purpose, which is to educate. Both texts, either directly or indirectly, seek to teach the reader something new about the Fairtrade movement, and while these might be two different sides of the story, they are still related at the core of the matter.
To close, the expectations of the texts are very different in most ways. The ActionAid page would be expected to support the Fairtrade cause, and to present its information in a professional, easy to navigate, yet informative manner, and the Daily Mail article has attached to it the stigma and characteristics classically attached to any content produced by the newspaper (including attributes such as: sensationalist, controversial, inflammatory and polarising. Both texts seem to fulfil at least some of these expectations.

Transcription Analysis

Transcription Analysis


This conversation involved us discussing either our own jobs, or the jobs of our parents, and the responsibilities entailed within the jobs.


At the opening of my first turn speaking, I present myself as a form of agenda-setter:
"I'll talk about my parents(.)"
I said this in response to being asked what I wished to talk about.
This shows that I am comfortable enough in my speech to choose a topic and talk about it independently.




Junior: "What else am I supposed to say?"
Callum: "What would you like/"
Fin (Me): "/What responsibilities do you have?"


The most prominent point to make on that passage would be the interruption performed by myself. This interruption was not done with the intention of deliberately silencing or overriding the previous speaker. It is merely a result of the two of us attempting to answer the same question at the same time. This is a prime example of latched conversation and how it can effect the environment of a particular conversation.




Junior: "I have to sell stuff to customers and work on the tills(.)/"
Fin (Me): "/What about your parents?"
Junior: "My parents?"


This exchange again shows my tendency to interrupt, especially to push forward new ideas or ask questions. This is a good example of 'Bald Face' and its straightforward tendencies, often appearing to show little regard for niceties to get to the point quicker, however I had no intention to do so in a negative or rude way.


Fin (Me): "Who's next?"
I said this after a short pause in conversation created by the previous speaker finishing. This again shows my tendency to spur the conversation on and set agendas, even if I'm not doing so directly or explicitly.


(After a short exchange)
Fin (Me): "Alright, Fin (.) you go next"
Fin C: "Uhm (.) Okay"
After my previous attempts at getting the conversation back on track fail, I tried again. This time, to greater effect, this time getting a response by using a more 'bald-face' direct way of addressing the issue, directly referencing the person who I thought should continue the conversation

Holiday Homework Task - Gender Representation

Mccoy's 'Man Crisps' Advertisement

In this advert, the Mccoy's band of crisps are billed as being 'man crisps'. This seems to have been a decision made in an attempt to up their sales among those who consider themselves 'manly' men, as the accompanying television adverts all took place in stereotypically 'manly' situations (at a pub, etc). Another way this advertisement supports a set ideal of 'male' characteristics is through the 'masculine' graphology. The darker colours and large, bold font putting forward the popular idea of masculine strength and dominance.

Schliff Beer Advertisement - 1952

This 1950's beer advertisement is sadly not atypical of the time. It represents the woman as unintelligent, or unpractical, as she appears to have burned the food. Her husband then 'reassures' her by telling her not to worry as she 'didn't burn the beer'. This, interestingly, could be seen as a parallel to another popular female stereotype; that women 'belong in the kitchen'. While this advert was probably intended to be taken with a pinch of salt, and a sense of humour in mind, it still raises interesting points in the way of gender representation.

Bic 'for Her' Pens

Recently, Bic put out a line of pens designed specifically for women. This seems like a particularly prominent example of exploitation of gender in marketing. In terms of something as menial as a pen, there had, up until the release of these, never really been anything in the way of pens 'for her', which would indicate that such a thing is unnecessary and doesn't really need to exist. This line of pens is 'geared' towards woman based on it's ergonomic structure supposedly being better fitted to women's hands. It also furthers the idea of stereotypically 'female' colours such as pink and purple.

Class Work for 18/01/16 - Research Points on Language & Gender

Deborah Cameron's discursive approach to gender
I was unable to find any articles that focused primarily on anything called the 'discursive' approach, let alone any associated with Cameron's work and research.
What I do already know about the discursive approach is that it covers the idea that we are able to 'do' gender, in terms of how we use and perceive language. To paraphrase: 'Your genes don't determine your jeans'. Unlike the other three models (Dominance, Deficit & Difference) this model doesn't bring much new information to the table, it instead serves as a sort of counter, or compliment, to some of the other theories, in that it says that while there are inherent differences between the language of men and women, this does not mean that each gender is strictly bound to using only characteristics that apply inherently to them. Which is to say, that women are not exempt from using the theoretically 'male' language technique of interruptions.


John Gray's popular book: 'Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus'
John Gray is an American relationship counselor, lecturer and author. In 1992, his book: 'Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus' was published. This bestselling book, which sold over 50 million copies, became a slight cultural phenomenon after its release, with the author going on to release subsequent: 'books, recordings, seminars, theme vacations, a one man Broadway show, TV sitcom, workout videos, podcast, men's and ladies' apparel lines, fragrances, travel guides and even his-and-hers salad dressings.'
The book follows the idea that the most common relationship problems between men and women are a result of 'fundamental psychological differences between the sexes'
The main points covered in the concept of this book include:

• Language and communication matters more to women than it does to men.
• The goals using language of men tend to form around completing objectives or other tasks. However women's goals in language are more inter-personally focused.
• Women are more verbally skilled than men.
• Men have a competitive use of language and women have a cooperative use of language.
• Women talk about feelings, people and relationships, whereas men talk about concrete facts and material things.
• There tends to be miscommunication between women and men as a result of these parallels.  

Beattie's challenge to Zimmerman and West

The main piece of supporting research for the Dominance theory is Zimmerman and West's Interruption study, the evidence gleaned from which suggests that in mixed-sex conversations, men interrupt more frequently than women. The research states that in 11 recorded conversations between men and women, men interrupted 46 times, and women only twice.

Geoffrey Beattie, of Sheffield University disputed this research. Recreating the experiment, Beattie claims to have recorded 10 hours of conversation, and 557 interruptions. Beattie found that women and men interrupted with about equal frequency (men 34.1 / women 33.8). This seems to directly disprove the research and conclusion of Zimmerman and West.

Mary Beard's ideas about women's voices not being valued

Classic scholar Mary Beard puts forward how women aren't perceived to be as powerful as men. She believes this to have become the case as a result of the prioritization of male voices and opinions over the ages, leading to the deeply ingrained patriarchal attitude held today. She says that, as a society, when we hear a female voice "we don't hear a voice that connotes authority; or rather we haven't learned how to hear authority in it". 

The effect of written and computer-mediated forms on gendered language

Studies have indicated that gender related stereotypical patterns have been shown to exist within virtual environments, just as they exist in the real world. 

In support of Lakoff's theories, males appeared to use more authoritative statements while online, whereas females appeared to use more collaborative language.

Bibliography

http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/gender.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Are_from_Mars,_Women_Are_from_Venus

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/14/mary-beard-vocal-women-treated-freakish-androgynes

http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED490640.pdf

Language Representation Analysis Task

For the task set by Halla, I chose to analyse a poem written by my Grandfather, Geoff Sutton. (which, along with some of his other poetry, can be found here: https://leopardpoetry.wordpress.com/2012/05/31/featured-poet-geoff-sutton/)
------------------------------------------------------------
ALWAYS ON THE OUTSIDE LOOKING IN
Geoff Sutton (circa 2012)


I was looking through the window
To see what I could see
But all I saw were my two eyes
Staring back at me
Always on the outside looking in


I wandered through the wild wood
I was looking for my home
I saw you walk together
You saw me walk alone
Darkly on the outside looking in


When I saw the lighted windows
Of any homely place
They pulled the blind down as I passed
They wanted to hide the face
Of someone on the outside looking in


I went on to the sea’s side
I was searching for you there
But all I found were mermaids
Plaiting bladderwrack in their hair
Sadly on the outside looking in


I met a former lover
She said I’ve lost your name
But I know exactly where you are
You’re really just the same
You’re always on the outside looking in


I’ve been strolling through the spaces
Where people used to be
And soon I balanced the me in you
Against the you in me
So inside mirrored outside outside in


The dead live on inside us
I hear them every day
We echo each other word for word
But they haven’t much to say
They’re only on the outside looking in
----------------------------------------------------


As I see it, this poem is a reflection of the poet on several aspects of his life, ultimately determining that the feels detached, or separate from the reality that everyone else around him experiences. It also has romantic themes, or rather, themes concerning the loss of romance, reflection on old relationships, or the loss of loved ones by other means.
The first indication of the themes of this poem come in the title; 'Always on the Outside Looking In'.
The phrase itself shows how the writer feels, that he is not a part of the world that everyone else is, as if he is stood outside a window, looking in on it, unable to attain what he sees. The fact that this line, or a variation of it, is repeated at the end of each stanza shows that the writer is well aware of this, and that it haunts him in practically everything he does.

In the first stanza, the reflective nature of the poem is directly established using a literal reflection that the write sees upon looking through the window. 'But all I saw were my two eyes // Staring back at me'.
The word 'Always' used at the head of the last line shows the infinite nature of the writer's loneliness.

The second stanza has the speaker wandering through a 'wild wood' looking for his home. This may be more symbolic than literal in that the speaker may be searching for somewhere he can be considered 'inside', as opposed to being perpetually 'outside' as he is shown to be throughout.
The 'you' mentioned by the speaker seems, in the wider context of the poem, to be in reference to a past lover. This is furthered by the line 'I saw you walk together // You saw me walk alone'. The term 'together' could be seen as being a reference to a new romantic relationship. Another interpretation of this 'you', could be that of a 'lost' or deceased loved one, or perhaps even multiple people, I personally favour this interpretation.

The third stanza shows that the speaker is an outcast, and is shunned by those around him. 'They wanted to hide the face // Of someone on the outside looking in'.

In the fourth stanza, the speaker 'went to the sea's side // I was searching for you there'. This shows the lengths the speaker is willing to go to to find the unspecified 'you' mentioned throughout the poem.

The next stanza covers the speaker's encounter with a 'former lover', who say's that they have 'lost' the speaker's name. This shows that the speaker's separation reaches such an extent that even a former lover has forgotten his name.

The penultimate stanza has the speaker say: 'I've been strolling through the spaces // Where people used to be'. I see these 'spaces' as the emptiness left when a person moves on, or passes on. The following two lines: 'And soon I balanced the me in you // Against the you in me' could be interpreted as dealing with feelings and memories towards someone you've lost.

The final stanza is, for me, what clarifies the theme of the poem, as well as the state of the 'you' mentioned throughout. The line 'The dead live on inside us' when coupled with the second and third lines of the previous stanza lead me to believe that the 'you' the speaker refers to throughout the poem is a deceased loved one. The second line; 'I hear them everyday' shows that the loss of this person has severely affected the speaker to the point where it is something he thinks about everyday. The next two lines are very profound: 'We echo each other word for word // But they don't have much to say'. This, to me, seems to say that when we think of people we have lost, they are only really echoes of what we are thinking about them, and that because they are gone, they can never again truly speak independently for themselves again. The closing line comparing the dead to the way he has described himself throughout the poem makes me think that the speaker sees himself as 'dead' to the world. I get this impression because, in using this phrase in reference to the dead, he makes it seem as he too is 'on the outside looking in' and has no influence or presence in the reality most people experience.